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- S NATION, Page 32Mohawks, Money and Death
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- Sniping and armed skirmishes become commonplace as feuding over
- casinos explodes into a tribal war
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- Fearing for the safety of their grandchildren, Joellene
- Adams and her husband left the barricade and drove into enemy
- territory. But as they pulled up to the home of their son
- Richard, he fired an automatic rifle at the car. Later that
- evening Richard telephoned with an apology: "Ma, I'm sorry. I
- didn't know it was you." Replied his mother: "Don't ever call
- me Ma again. "
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- Over the past year such violent Mohawk vs. Mohawk clashes
- have become commonplace on the 28,000-acre St. Regis
- reservation, as a bitter quarrel over lucrative casino
- operations has escalated into a virtual civil war. Heavily
- armed pro- and antigambling factions have battled for control
- of the main road through the reservation, which straddles the
- border between upstate New York and Canada's Quebec and Ontario
- provinces. Last week the fighting reached a new and bloody
- peak: thousands of shots were exchanged in a three-hour gun
- battle that left two dead. Hundreds of New York State troopers,
- who had previously been reluctant to intervene on the largely
- self-governing reservation, and a force of Canadian police
- moved in to restore an uneasy calm.
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- More is at stake than the gambling industry, with revenues
- of as much as $300 million, which has flourished on the U.S.
- side of the reservation since bingo parlors were introduced in
- 1986 as a quick and easy way to fund tribal welfare programs.
- "It's a question of who is going to have jurisdiction and under
- what conditions" over every aspect of reservation life, says
- Ron LaFrance, acting director of the American Indian Program
- at Cornell University. A bitter power struggle between three
- competing tribal councils has been exacerbated by disagreements
- among a maze of U.S. and Canadian government agencies that
- oversee the reservation.
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- Mohawks who live on the Canadian side enjoy less autonomy
- than their American counterparts. Their only attempt to launch
- a bingo operation was quickly shut down in 1984 by the Royal
- Canadian Mounted Police. The casinos on the U.S. side are also
- illegal. But that has not kept thousands of gamblers from both
- sides of the border away from the blackjack, roulette and
- baccarat tables at six gaudy gambling palaces. Since last June,
- federal and state law-enforcement officials have repeatedly
- raided casinos, confiscated cash and removed slot machines in
- an attempt to keep gambling within legal bounds. But a shutdown
- would require continuous police presence, a provocative move
- U.S. officials have not been ready to make.
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- Although the crackdown has drawn applause from antigambling
- Mohawk factions, it has provoked a militant response from
- Mohawks who regard the raids as violations of the tribe's
- sovereign rights. "We need to exercise our right to
- self-determination," argues Francis Boots, spokesman for the
- Mohawk Warriors Society, a militant and well-armed vigilante
- group that favors the casinos. "Gambling is just a small part
- of that."
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- Gambling foes charge that the casinos have not only
- attracted unsavory elements to the reservation but also failed
- to produce economic benefits. "We still have no supermarket,
- no Laundromat, no arena," says Chief Howard Tarbell, head of
- the St. Regis Tribal Council. "We need legitimate economic
- alternatives so people don't look only to the casinos for
- hope." Besides trying to monopolize the profits from casinos,
- critics claim, the Warriors are seeking to protect cross-border
- trading operations worth $100 million annually. U.S. and
- Canadian officials are searching for a formula that would
- restore peace to the reservation. But so far they have been
- oddly reluctant to involve Mohawks directly in their talks.
- Last week 30 provincial, state and federal officials gathered
- in Montreal to discuss the future of the tribe. Not a single
- Mohawk leader was present. Not one had been invited.
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- By Joelle Attinger. Reported by Stephen Pomper/Massena.
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